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Clermontia kohalae

Rock (1913)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Clermontia

‘ōhā [oha], ‘ōhā wai [oha wai], hāhā [haha]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or trees, 2–6 m tall, terrestrial or epiphytic.

Stems: Stems branched repeatedly, spreading, light gray or light brown, glabrous or rarely pubescent, with numerous helically arranged leaf scars near apex, pith solid, latex white, viscous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 10–21 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide. Apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Base attenuate. Upper surfaces glabrous; lower surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent; chartaceous, dull; upper surfaces green; lower surfaces pale green. Margins callose–crenulate. Petioles 2–6 cm long, glabrous. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences axillary, subumbellately racemose, 2(–4)–flowered, glabrous or pubescent; peduncle 1.5–4.5 cm long, spreading, bibracteate at middle or apex; pedicels 1.5–3.5 cm long, spreading, bibracteolate at middle. Flowers bisexual (perfect), epigynous, zygomorphic, resupinate, protandrous. Hypanthium 1–1.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, obconic or obovoid, glabrous. Calyx synsepalous; tube adnate to the ovary, forming a hypanthium, hemispheric, obconic, obovoid, turbinate, or rarely oblong, smooth or with 10 longitudinal furrows, rarely muricate or with 10 longitudinal ridges; lobes 5, valvate, either less than 1⁄2 as long as the corolla, distinct or rarely connate at base, persistent, triangular or deltate, rarely oblong or ovate, firm, green, or as long as the corolla (rarely only ⅔ as long), connate for 1/5–⅘ their length, deciduous, mimicking the corolla in shape, texture, and color. Perianth 5–6.5 cm long, bilabiate, dark purple, glabrous; tube 2–3.2 cm long, 0.9–1.5 cm in diameter, suberect or gently curved; lobes 2.7–3.8 cm long, 2–4 mm wide, spreading, 1/5–3 times as long as the tube. Stamens 5, syngenesious, alternate with the corolla lobes, staminal column included or slightly exserted, suberect or gently curved; anthers connate, dithecal, opening introrsely by longitudinal slits, dark purple, the 3 dorsal ones a little longer than the 2 ventral ones, the latter with tufts of stiff white trichomes at apex, otherwise glabrous, or sometimes pubescent along the sutures, rarely so on the surfaces, the tube 1.3–1.5 cm long, 3–4 mm in diameter, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; filaments connate above, free from the corolla, 3.5–4 cm long, dark purple, glabrous. Pollen tricolporate, prolate, ellipsoidal. Ovary inferior, 2-carpellate, 2-loculed; ovule placentation axile, placentae large; style slender, terete (cylindrical), with a ring of stiff white hairs near apex; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes appressed and non–receptive as the style grows through the anther tube, pushing out pollen, after which the stigmas spread and become receptive.

Fruit: Berries 2–3.2 cm long; 2–3.2 cm in diameter; orange; subglobose. Seeds numerous; tiny; dark brown or black; minutely foveate–reticulate; shiny; with a straight; short to spatulate dicotyledonous embryo embedded in oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Montane rain forests.

Elevation Range: 370–1370 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Indig. Trees Haw. Isl.: 476 (1913)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:431 (H); Lammers 1991:52 (KEY, DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details in densely shaded understory of native remnant forest Preserved_Specimen 7 ft. shrub, corolla dark purple Takeuchi, W.N. Hawaii BISH 1985-05-01
2 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25737 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
3 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25737 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
4 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21900 Hawaii BISH 1952-02-19
5 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4572 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-18
6 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 13121 Hawaii BISH 1918-08-01
7 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 31568 Hawaii BISH 1968-03-09
8 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1726 Hawaii BISH 1965-04-19
9 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1727 Hawaii BISH 1965-04-19
10 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 666 BISH 1982-02-09
11 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8810 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
12 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1726 Hawaii BISH 1965-04-19
13 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Woods Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4573 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-18
14 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet 'ohi'a forest with other native trees and a native shrub-exotic grass and shrub u/s. Preserved_Specimen 4cm dia; 1.2m tall; 10-15 branches. Calyx & corolla lobes deep purple; hypanthium very pale green Warshauer, F.R. 2493 Hawaii BISH 1979-08-02
15 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Sunny open shrubby slope. Preserved_Specimen Flowers deep purple. Degener, O. 2186 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-11
16 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Frequent shrub in open Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 7 ft. tall, 10 ft. spread, 3 in. basal diam. Excellent vigor, young fruit and deep dark purple flower, (in alcohol). Clarke, G. 666 Hawaii BISH 1982-02-09
17 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Cibotium montane wet forest w/Dryopteris acutidens, Clermontia spp., Asplenium spp., Labordia hirtella. Preserved_Specimen 2 m tall, many branched tree; epiphytic on Cheirodendron; trunk light-brown; leaves dark-green above, paler below; calyx light-green; corolla purple; hypanthium white; ca. 20 plants in the area. Wood, K.R. 4777 Hawaii BISH 1995-11-21
18 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8810 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
19 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25737 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
20 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 528 Hawaii BISH 1923-06-10
21 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2186 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-11
22 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4647 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-16
23 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4579 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-18
24 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1917 Hawaii BISH 1966-06-28
25 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8810 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
26 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8811 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
27 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8810 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
28 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. Hawaii BISH 1985-05-01
29 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1910-01-01
30 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Hawaii BISH 1923-06-10
31 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
32 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
33 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Cibotium-Metrosideros-Cheirodendron forest, with Gouldia, Clermontia, Pelea, Cyrtandra, Straussia. Preserved_Specimen Very dark, maroon flowers. Gillett, G.W. 1895 Hawaii BISH 1966-06-25
34 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mesic 'ohi'a forest with other native trees and native shrub-exotic grass and shrub u/s. Ground rooted; partial shade. Preserved_Specimen 12cm Bd; 6m tall; ca 200 branches. Bark tawny with vertical cracks. Stemmermann, R.L. 4004 Hawaii BISH 1979-08-03
35 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details lower forests of Parker Ranch, along streams and in forest Preserved_Specimen Tree 15-20 ft. high Rock, J.F.C. 25738 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
36 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosideros-Cheirodenron montane wet forest with Gunnera, Phyllostegia vestita, Lobelia hypoleuca, Cyanea tritomantha, Perrottetia, Pipturus, Isachne, Sadleria, Cibotium, Labordia, Myrsine, Setaria palmifolia, Tibouchina. Preserved_Specimen 50-100 plants, with flowers and fruit, flowers purple, large, peduncles over 50 mm,. with seedlings and juveniles. Perlman, S. 148 Hawaii BISH 1995-08-01
37 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shrubby side of gulch Preserved_Specimen Perianth dark claret; hypanthium toward base pale green but upward white except for 5 claret ridges. Degener, O. 31570 Hawaii BISH 1968-03-08
38 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest w/ scattered streams dissecting forests; associated w/ Sphagnum, Myrsine sandwicensis, Isachne, Hedyotis terminalis, Trematolobelia grandifolia, Lycopodium venustulum, Melicope volcanica. Threats: pigs, Setaria palmifolia, Juncus spp., Ti Preserved_Specimen 2 m tall, multi-branched tree; stems light-brown; leaves shiny green above, paler below w/white main nerve; peduncle light-green; hypanthium and perianth purple; 20-30 in area. Wood, K.R. 4682 Hawaii BISH 1995-10-24
39 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details lower forests of Parker Ranch, along streams and in forest Preserved_Specimen Tree 15-20 ft. high Rock, J.F.C. 25738 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
40 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet 'ohi'a forest with other native trees and a native shrub-exotic grass and shrub u/s. Preserved_Specimen 10cm dia; 4m tall Warshauer, F.R. 2494 Hawaii BISH 1979-08-01
41 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on bank above trail in open Metrosideros forest with ti, uluhe, and introduced grasses. Preserved_Specimen Small tree about 12' tall. Corolla and Calyx lobes dark purple, ovarian portion of calyx white and green. No fruits present. Cuddihy, L.W. 777 Hawaii BISH 1981-03-28
42 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open forest Preserved_Specimen Fl. deep claret with greenish white ovary Degener, O. 21878 Hawaii BISH 1952-02-18
43 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Woods Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 4573 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-18
44 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In dense mats (ca. 4-5 feet high) of Dicranopteris emarginata, in second growth Metrosideros polymorpha woodland. With Osmanthus (Nestegis) sandwicensis, Scaevola, Pipturus. Preserved_Specimen Shrub to 12 feet, basal trunk one foot in diameter, fls. deep purple, fruits orange at maturity. Carlquist, S. 1890 Hawaii BISH 1966-06-27
45 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details locally common in clearings Preserved_Specimen Strong, dense, ± conical, 4-6 ft. trees. Fl. dark purple within & without; fruit peppery Degener, O. 27725 Hawaii BISH 1961-07-10
46 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8811 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
47 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 12 cm Bd,, 6 m tall, ca 200 branches; bark tawny w/ vertical cracks. Stemmermann, L. 4004 Hawaii BISH 1979-08-02
48 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 2755 Hawaii BISH 1964-05-18
49 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8810 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
50 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25737 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-20
51 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Calyx and corolla both a dark red maroon, nearly black. Mature flowers nearly 2 in. in diameter. Stamens=corolla in color. Tuft of white hairs at tips of stamens. Leaves etched above as in Diospyros hawaiiensis. Gillett, G.W. 1707 Hawaii BISH 1965-02-01
52 Clermontia kohalae Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8811 Hawaii BISH 1910-07-01
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